Empiema subdural y su relación con hematomas subdurales: experiencia local y revisión de la literatura / Subdural empyema and its relationship to subdural hematomas: local experience and literature review

RESUMEN: Los empiemas subdurales, tanto los de aparición espontánea o como complicación en la evolución de un hematoma subdural (HSD), son infrecuentes y de los cuales existen pocas publicaciones en la literatura(1). En este trabajo se revisa una serie de 15 casos operados en el Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP) en un período de 15 años. Se observó que en general tienen buena evolución con el tratamiento instaurado en forma oportuna y que son larvados en su presentación, pudiendo llegar a ser diagnosticados incluso en el intraoperatorio. No se observó diferencia en su evolución cuando se operaron a través de una craniectomía o de una craneotomía (plaqueta)(2). No se encontró tampoco diferencia cuando se trataron con o sin drenaje. Como consenso general, deben ser tratados con antibioticoterapia prolongada de al menos 3-4 semanas para controlar el foco infeccioso(2). Ninguno de los casos revisados requirió de reintervención.

ABSTRACT Subdural empyemas, both spontaneous or as a complication in the evolution of subdural hematomas, are an uncommon fact of which there are few publications in literature. In this review we analyze a retrospective serie of 15 cases operated in HUAP in a period of 15 years. In general we don't observed differences in the outcome using different surgical techniques, both in those treated by craniectomy as those treated by craniotomy. Also we don't observed differences in those treated with or without drainage. In the same way is clear that the optimal period of antibiotic treatment must be 3-4 weeks to fully cover them. None of the cases treated, needed reintervention.

Logistic Regression Analysis of the Mechanism of Blunt Brain Injury Inference Based on CT Images / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the correlation between CT imaging features of acceleration and deceleration brain injury and injury degree.@*METHODS@#A total of 299 cases with acceleration and deceleration brain injury were collected and divided into acceleration brain injury group and deceleration brain injury group according to the injury mechanism. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and Glasgow coma scale (GCS), combined with skull fracture, epidural hematoma (EDH), subdural hematoma (SDH) and brain contusion on the same and opposite sides of the stress point were selected as the screening indexes. χ2 test was used for primary screening, and binary logistic regression analysis was used for secondary screening. The indexes with the strongest correlation in acceleration and deceleration injury mechanism were selected.@*RESULTS@#χ2 test showed that skull fracture and EDH on the same side of the stress point; EDH, SDH and brain contusion on the opposite of the stress point; SAH, GCS were correlated with acceleration and deceleration injury (P<0.05). According to binary logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio (OR) of EDH on the same side of the stress point was 2.697, the OR of brain contusion on the opposite of the stress point was 0.043 and the OR of GCS was 0.238, suggesting there was statistically significant (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#EDH on the same side of the stress point, brain contusion on the opposite of the stress point and GCS can be used as key indicators to distinguish acceleration and deceleration injury mechanism. In addition, skull fracture on the same side of the stress point, EDH and SDH on the opposite of the stress point and SAH were relatively weak indicators in distinguishing acceleration and deceleration injury mechanism.

Intervenciones especializadas de enfermería en el cuidado de drenajes cerebrales / Specialized nursing interventions in the care of brain drains

Los drenajes cerebrales son dispositivos utilizados como métodos terapéuticos, permitiendo la salida de líquido normal o patológico a personas que cursen por alguna enfermedad neurológica, convirtiéndose en uno de los procedimientos más comunes en el área de la enfermería neurológica. He aquí que los cuidados de enfermería deben ser considerados específicos para poder visualizar resultados satisfactorios en pacientes portadores de estos sistemas en áreas críticas. Por este motivo, las intervenciones especializadas de enfermería en el cuidado a los drenajes cerebrales se basaron en la necesidad de elaborar una guía de intervenciones específicas, y especializadas, para personas con uso de drenajes cerebrales siendo un tema de importancia en enfermería neurológica.

Brain drains are devices used as therapeutic methods, allowing the exit of normal or pathological fluid to people suffering from a neurological disease, becoming one of the most common procedures in the area of neurological nursing. Here, nursing care must be considered specific in order to visualize satisfactory results in patients with these systems in critical areas. For this reason, specialized nursing interventions in the care of brain drains were based on the need to develop a guide for specific and specialized interventions for people with use of brain drains, being a topic of importance in neurological nursing.

Factores pronósticos en el traumatismo craneoencefálico grave en pediatría / Prognostic factors in severe head injury in pediatrics

Objetivos: Analizar y establecer una asociación entre las características del Traumatismo Craneoencefálico (TEC) grave en pediatría (edad, etiología, características clínicas, lesiones intracraneales y cirugía) y los resultados a largo plazo. Material y Método: Revisión de los pacientes con TEC grave ingresados al Hospital Garrahan desde enero 2013 hasta enero 2019. Se analizaron las características al ingreso y el tratamiento instaurado. Se utilizó la escala Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) para evaluar los resultados a 12 meses. Se realizó un análisis estadístico mediante las pruebas de Chi2 y Fisher. Se consideró como significativo a un valor de p menor a 0.05. Resultados: Se registraron 54 pacientes con TEC grave y seguimiento posterior de 12 meses. La mediana de edad fue de 6 años (3-12). La mayoría fue de sexo masculino 62.96% (34). La etiología más frecuente fue la caída de altura (42.59%) mientras que la lesión intracraneal que más se observó fue el hematoma extradural (25.93%). Los factores que se asociaron a mal pronóstico fueron las lesiones no accidentales (100% vs 0%; p=0.02), la midriasis bilateral (100% vs 0%; p= 0.001) y el hematoma subdural (70% vs 30%; p= 0.002). Los factores asociados a buen pronóstico fueron las caídas de altura (54.84% vs 45.16%; p=0.01) y un examen oftalmológico normal al ingreso (90% vs 10%; p=0.006). Conclusión: Los factores que se asociaron a mal pronóstico fueron el trauma no accidental, la midriasis y el hematoma subdural agudo. Por otro lado, las caídas y el examen oftalmológico normal se asociaron a mejor pronóstico.

Objective: To analyze and establish an association between the characteristics of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in pediatric patients (age, etiology, clinical characteristics, intracranial injuries and surgery) and long-term results. Material and Method: Review of patients with severe TBI admitted to Garrahan Pediatric Hospital from January 2013 to January 2019. The characteristics of admission and treatment instituted were analyzed. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was used to evaluate results at 12 months. A statistical analysis was performed using Chi2 and Fisher tests. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 54 patients with severe TBI and subsequent follow-up of 12 month were reported. The median age was 6 years (3-12). Most were male 62.96% (34). The most common etiology was height falls (42.59%) while the most observed intracranial lesion was extradural hematoma (25.93%). Non-accidental injuries (100% vs 0%; p=0.02), bilateral mydriasis (100% vs 0%; p=0.001) and subdural hematoma (70% vs 30%; p=0.002) were associated with poor prognosis. Height drops (54.84% vs 45.16%; p=0.01) and a normal ophthalmological examination at income (90% vs 10%; p=0.006) were associated with good prognosis. Conclusion: Non-accidental trauma, mydriasis and acute subdural hematoma were associated with poor prognosis, whereas falls and normal eye exam were associated with better prognosis

Hemorragia subaracnoidea posterior a descompresión Lumbar mínimamente invasiva. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Subarachnoid hemorrhage after minimally invasive lumbar decompression. Case report and literature review

Introducción: Las lesiones durales son complicaciones frecuentes en la cirugía de columna. La fuga de liquidocefalorraquideo (LCR) puede originar hemorragia en todos los compartimientos del cerebro. La mayoría ocurre en venas ubicadas en región cerebelosa.Material y método: Se presenta un caso de hemorragia subaracnoidea posterior a una descompresión lumbar mínimamente invasiva asociada a desgarro dural. Resultados: Evoluciona en el postoperatorio con síntomas neurológicos de cefaleas y trastornos del sensorio por lo que se decide evaluarlo con estudios por imágenes vasculares cerebrales identificándose sangrado subaracnoideo.Discusión: El sitio más frecuente de hemorragia intracraneal posterior a una cirugía de columna es el cerebelo. El mecanismo de acción de este tipo de sangrados es desconocido y controversial, hay algunos reportes que sugieren que se trataría de un sangrado venoso. El síntoma más característico de este síndrome es la cefalea. Aunque se desconoce la etiología exacta, se postula que la pérdida de volumen de LCR causa una caída en la presión intracraneal, lo que lleva a un agrandamiento de los senos venosos durales que predisponen al paciente a un hematoma subdural espontáneoConclusión: La fuga de LCR, las alteraciones asociadas al edema cerebral en la hipotensión cerebral podría ser llave del mecanismo que desencadena una hemorragia subaracnoidea.

compartments of the brain. Most occur in veins located in the cerebellar region.Material and method: A case of subarachnoid hemorrhage after a minimally invasive lumbar decompression associated with dural tear is presented.Results: It evolves in the postoperative period with neurological symptoms of headaches and sensory disorders, so it is decided to evaluate it with studies by cerebral vascular images identifying subarachnoid bleeding.Discussion: The most frequent site of intracranial hemorrhage after spinal surgery is the cerebellum. The mechanism of action of this type of bleeding is unknown and controversial, there are some reports that suggest that it would be a venous bleeding. The most characteristic symptom of this syndrome is headache. Although the exact etiology is unknown, it is postulated that the loss of CSF volume causes a drop in intracranial pressure, which leads to an enlargement of the dural venous sinuses that predispose the patient to a spontaneous subdural hematomaConclusion: CSF leakage, alterations associated with cerebral edema in cerebral hypotension could be key to the mechanism that triggers a subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Céphalée persistante du postpartum révélatrice d'un hématome sous-dural : à propos d'un cas

Introduction : L'hématome sous-dural est une complication exceptionnelle au décours d'une brèche durale après analgésie péridurale par fuite du liquide céphalo-spinal (LCR). Son incidence après une rachianesthésie reste indéterminée. Observations : Nous rapportons un cas d'hématome sous dural chez une femme âgée de 36 ans, G4P2A1, ayant un antécédent d'une fausse couche spontanée et d'une césarienne, présentant une céphalée d'intensité progressive après césarienne itérative programmée à 38SA pour placenta prævia. A J3 post opératoire, un blood-patch était réalisé du fait de la persistance des céphalées malgré les antalgiques habituels qui avaient échoué et qui conduisait à l'administration d'une corticothérapie à forte dose. Au 5ème jour, la tomodensitométrie cérébrale était réalisée devant l'apparition secondaire d'un trouble oculomoteur gauche permettant de révéler l'existence d'unhématome sous-dural, étendu sur la convexité fronto-temporale gauche, avec diffusion au niveau de la région occipitale jusqu'au-dessus de la tente du cervelet. Devant ce tableau, une craniotomie avec drainage de l'hématome était réalisée. Les suites opératoires étaient simples et sans séquelles notables. Conclusion : Devant une céphalée permanente et persistante au-delà de 5 jours malgré des antalgiques habituels, du blood-patch et la corticothérapie, même en absence d'un signe neurologique, un hématome sous dural doit être évoquer, un scanner cérébral confirme le diagnostic en urgence

Sinking Skin Flap Syndrome or Syndrome of the Trephined: A Report of Two Cases

Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is commonly performed in patients with intracranial hypertension or brain edema due to traumatic brain injury. Infrequently, neurologic deteriorations accompanied by sunken scalp may occur after DC. We report two patients with traumatic subdural hemorrhage who had neurologic deteriorations accompanied by sunken scalp after DC. Neurologic function improved dramatically in both patients after cranioplasty. Monitoring for neurologic deterioration after craniectomy is advised. For patients showing neurologic deficit with a sunken scalp, early cranioplasty should be considered.

Extensive Pachymeningeal Dissemination of Glioblastoma Mimicking Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Case Report

Meningeal dissemination (MDS) of glioblastoma is rare, although its incidence might have been underestimated. MDS of glioblastoma has a fatal course. Thus, rapid and precise diagnosis of MDS is important for further palliative treatment. Unfortunately, MDS of glioblastoma could be diagnosed at a delayed time, causing failure to treat patient optimally. Herein, we present a case of a 56-year-old male with MDS of glioblastoma mimicking chronic subdural hemorrhage (CSDH) after head trauma due to slip down. During treatment for CSDH, MDS of glioblastoma was not controlled appropriately. The patient succumbed to MDS of glioblastoma at 9 weeks after the date of diagnosis of CSDH which could be an MDS.

Evaluating traumatic brain injury using conventional magnetic resonance imaging and susceptibility-weighted imaging in dogs

Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence used for evaluating traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although SWI is being increasingly used in veterinary medicine, there are no systematic studies regarding its use. We aimed to evaluate TBI lesions by using conventional MRI and SWI in 11 dogs and determine the correlation between clinical status and conventional MRI or SWI findings. The modified Glasgow coma scale (MGCS) at presentation and a previously used MRI grading system (MRGr; grades 1–6) were used to evaluate the brain lesions, and correlations between MGCS score and each MRGr were assessed. Conventional MRI revealed 23 lesions in 11 dogs with variable MGCS scores (range: 11–17). SWI showed comparable findings for all of the lesions except for subdural hemorrhage, and it revealed additional lesions in four dogs. The median MRGr was 2 on both conventional MRI and SWI. The MRGr of the conventional MRI assessments and the MGCS scores showed a significant negative correlation (r = −0.685). In conclusion, SWI had better TBI lesion-detection ability, but conventional MRI had a better correlation with early clinical status and subdural hemorrhage. Thus, a combination of conventional MRI and SWI examinations can improve TBI diagnosis in dogs.

Delayed Extensive White Matter Injury Caused by a Subdural Hemorrhage and Role of Corticospinal Tract Integrity

A subdural hemorrhage (SDH) is a common disorder with usually good prognosis. Most SDHs resolve with or without with minimal sequelae. We present a case report of a patient with SDH, who had delayed extensive white matter injury with disruptions of corticospinal tracts (CSTs) by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and showed abysmal prognosis, despite long-term rehabilitation. A 62-year-old man with an SDH underwent burr hole trephination for hematoma removal. Within 7 days, the hemorrhage diminished. At 12 weeks after the onset, the patient's weakness did not improve, and a follow-up magnetic resonance imaging revealed extensive leukomalacia, especially in the white matter. The DTI for CST revealed severe injury of CST integrity. He did not re-gain muscle strength and functional independence, despite 3 months of inpatient rehabilitation. This case describes SDH with delayed extensive white matter injury and exceptional poor prognosis and urges caution in that the SDH may induce very variable functional recovery. Besides, DTI for CST would be useful in predicting the long-term functional prognosis in extensive white matter injury.

Evans syndrome diagnosed after traumatic subdural hemorrhage

No abstract available.

Disappearance of Arachnoid Cyst after Burrhole Trephination: Case Series / 대한신경손상학회지

We report 3 cases of arachnoid cysts (ACs) that completely disappeared after burr hole drainage, without cyst fenestration into the subarachnoid space or cystoperitoneal shunt. The first patient was a 21-year-old female with an AC of the right cerebral convexity, found incidentally. After endoscopic AC fenestration was performed, the patient complained of persistent headache. Two-month postoperative brain imaging revealed reaccumulated AC and associated multi-stage subdural hematoma. Burr hole drainage was performed to resolve the chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). Three months later, brain computed tomography showed that the CSDH and the AC had disappeared. The second patient was an 11-year-old male who had a history of trauma 1 month prior to presentation at the clinic. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed an AC in the left sylvian fissure with CSDH. We performed burr hole drainage to treat the CSDH first. Subsequently, the AC as well as the CSDH disappeared. The third case was an AC of the right parietal convexity, found incidentally. Only burr hole drainage was performed, following which, the AC disappeared. This case series shows that an AC can disappear naturally after rupture into the subdural space by trauma or the burr hole procedure.

Spontaneous Intracranial and Spinal Subdural Hematoma: A Case Report / 대한신경손상학회지

Spinal subdural hematoma (SDH) is rarely reported, and their simultaneous occurrence with intracranial SDH is even more rare. A 67-year-old male patient with a history of posterolateral fusion to treat an L2 burst fracture came to our outpatient clinic due to an inability to walk by himself over the previous 3 weeks. A neurological examination revealed that the patient was alert with occasional confusion and slight motor weakness in the lower extremities. Brain and lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was then performed. A brain MRI revealed a large subacute SDH along the right cerebral convexity and falx cerebri with midline shifting, and a spine MRI revealed a right side-predominant subacute SDH extending from L4 to S1. For treatment, burr hole trephination of the intracranial SDH and fluoroscopy-guided lumbar puncture of the spinal SDH were performed and resulted in a favorable outcome. This is a report of a rare case of spontaneous intracranial and lumbar spine SDH. We include a review of the current literature and a discussion of the pathogenesis of this condition in this report.

Palliative approach in acute neurological events: a five-year study

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Acute neurological illness often results in severe disability. Five-year life expectancy is around 40%; half the survivors become completely dependent on outside help. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the symptoms of patients admitted to a Hospital ward with a diagnosis of stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage or subdural hematoma, and analyze the role of an In-Hospital Palliative Care Support Team. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective, observational study with a sample consisting of all patients admitted with acute neurological illness and with a guidance request made to the In-Hospital Palliative Care Support Team of a tertiary Hospital, over 5 years (2012-2016). RESULTS A total of 66 patients were evaluated, with an age median of 83 years old. Amongst them, there were 41 ischaemic strokes, 12 intracranial bleedings, 12 subdural hematomas, and 5 subarachnoid hemorrhages. The median of delay between admission and guidance request was 14 days. On the first evaluation by the team, the GCS score median was 6/15 and the Palliative Performance Scale (PPS) median 10%. Dysphagia (96.8%) and bronchorrhea (48.4%) were the most prevalent symptoms. A total of 56 patients had a feeding tube (84.8%), 33 had vital sign monitoring (50.0%), 24 were hypocoagulated (36.3%), 25 lacked opioid or anti-muscarinic therapy for symptom control (37,9%); 6 patients retained orotracheal intubation, which was removed. In-hospital mortality was 72.7% (n=48). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Patients were severely debilitated, in many cases futile interventions persisted, yet several were under-medicated for symptom control. The delay between admission and collaboration request was high. Due to the high morbidity associated with acute neurological illness, palliative care should always be timely provided.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO Eventos neurológicos agudos resultam frequentemente em incapacidade grave que impede o doente de participar ativamente nas decisões do seu próprio tratamento. A sobrevida a cinco anos ronda os 40%; metade dos sobreviventes fica dependente de terceiros. Objetivo Avaliar a sintomatologia de doentes internados com acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), hemorragia subarcnoideia (HSA) ou subdural (HSD) e analisar a intervenção de uma Equipe Intra-Hospitalar de Suporte em Cuidados Paliativos (EIHSCP). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS Estudo retrospetivo observacional dos doentes com diagnóstico principal de evento neurológico agudo com pedido de colaboração à EIHSCP, num hospital terciário, durante cinco anos (2012-2016). RESULTADOS Avaliados 66 doentes, com média de idade de 83 anos. Destacam-se 41 AVC isquêmicos, 12 hemorrágicos, 12 HSD e 5 HSA. A média da demora entre internamento e pedido de colaboração à EIHSCP foi de 14 dias. Na primeira observação, a média na escala de coma de Glasgow foi de 6/15 e na Palliative Performance Scale (PPS) foi de 10%. Disfagia (96,8%) e broncorreia (48,4%) foram os sintomas mais frequentes. A maioria dos doentes (56/66) mantinha sonda nasogástrica (84,8%); 33 encontravam-se em monitorização cardiorrespiratória (50,0%); 24 estavam sob hipocoagulação (36,3%); 25 necessitavam de opioide e antimuscarínico que não estavam prescritos (37,9%); seis tinham tubo orotraqueal, que foi retirado. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 72,7% (n=48). DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO Destaca-se o estado debilitado dos doentes; em muitos casos, intervenções fúteis persistiam, mas várias foram submedicadas para o controle dos sintomas. Verificou-se um tempo de espera elevado até o pedido de colaboração. Pela elevada morbilidade associada a esses eventos, cuidados paliativos diferenciados deveriam ser oferecidos no tempo adequado.

Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Followed by Subdural Hemorrhage

No abstract available.

Rapid Spontaneous Resolution of Contralateral Acute Subdural Hemorrhage Caused by Overdrainage of Chronic Subdural Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND: Since the first report of a rapidly resolved subdural hemorrhage (SDH) in 1986, few additional case reports have been presented in the literature. CASE REPORT: An 82-year-old female patient presented with a SDH over the left convexity. The SDH was removed via catheter drainage through a burr hole trephination. Post-operative computed tomography (CT) following 300 mL drainage from the chronic SDH demonstrated a newly developed SDH along the right convexity. A follow-up CT performed 2 hours later revealed an unexpected significant resolution of the acute SDH. CONCLUSION: The spontaneous resolution of acute SDH is believed to result from redistribution by washout of the hematoma by cerebrospinal fluid dilution. However, its exact pathophysiology is not well understood. When surgical evacuation is considered in acute SDH, conservative management should also be considered because spontaneous resolution of hemorrhage remains a possibility.

Expanding Subdural Hematomas in the Subacute Stage and Treatment via Catheter Drainage / 대한신경손상학회지

OBJECTIVE: Rapid expansion of subacute subdural hematomas (saSDHs) is an uncommon complication in the course of acute subdural hematomas (SDHs). The current study evaluated relevant factors and treatment methods for saSDHs with neurologic deterioration and mass effect. METHODS: A saSDHs was chronologically defined as an SDH occurring 4 to 21 days after head trauma. All cases of surgically treated SDHs were retrieved from the head trauma bank at our institution. Twenty-three patients with expanding saSDHs who met the following criteria were enrolled in the study: defined age of the hematoma, clinical deterioration, and radiological expansion of the hematoma. Cases were analyzed according to demographic factors, trauma mechanism, medical co-morbidity, and surgical method. RESULTS: Expanding saSDHs occurred more often in older (≥60 years old) than in younger patients (69.6% vs. 30.4%, respectively); they also occurred more often in men than in women (64% vs. 36%, respectively). Antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy was used in 52% of patients. The Glasgow Coma Scale score was 13 at the time of the trauma and deteriorated to 11 at the time of surgery. The mean time from the trauma to development of the expanding saSDH from an SDH was 13.3 days. Regarding surgical methods, closed-system drainage was performed in 22 patients, and only one patient underwent craniotomy with hematoma removal. All patients exhibited neurological improvements after surgery. CONCLUSION: An expanding saSDH usually occurs around 13 days after trauma in older adults. Minimal trephination with closed-system drainage can be used to manage an expanding saSDHs.